Who and whom,Direct and Indirect Object,

Who and whom

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Who and whom in formal English

English learners are sometimes confused when using who and whom. Who and whom are pronouns used in questions or in relative clauses.
In formal English who is used to replace a subject, while whom is used to replace an object.

Who

Who is a subjective pronoun.
Examples:
Leila is the teacher. -- (Leila is the subject of the sentence.)
→ Who is the teacher?
→ Leila, who is the English teacher, will give a talk about human rights.
The senators supported the president. --(The senators is the subject of the sentence.)
→ Who supported the president?
→ The senators who supported the president are happy with the new bill.

Whom

Whom is used to replace an object.
Examples:
You have met Alan. -- (Alan is the object of the sentence.)
→ Whom have you met?
→ This is Alan, whom I believe you have already met.
Nancy can ask her husband for help . -- (her husband is the object of the sentence.)
→ Whom can she ask for help?
→ Her husband whom she can ask for help is on a trip.

Who and whom in informal English

While in traditional grammar who is used as a subjective pronoun and whom as an objective pronoun, as it is explained above, in informal English, the normal practice is to use who in both cases (as subjective and objective pronouns), thus replacing whom in the contexts where the latter was traditionally used.
Examples:

• Whom did you offer the book to? (Formal English)
• Who did you offer the book to? (Informal English)

Grammar Exercise - Who vs Whom

Choose the correct answer (who or whom?)

1. To                         who            whom           have you offered the flowers?
2.                         Who             Whom           wrote that beautiful love poem?
3. I just want to know                         who            whom           made this delicious dish.
4. Do you know the man                         who            whom           is standing there?
5. My parents will accept                         whoever            whomever           I choose as my husband.
6. For                         who            whom           are you buying this present?
7. He is a kind of person for                         who            whom           family is very important.
8. Tell me,                         who            whom           told you this wonderful news?
9. The electrician                         who            whom           I asked for assistance was helpful.
10.                         Who            Whom           gave you permission to get into this room?

 correct answer (who or whom?)

1. To whom have you offered the flowers?
2. Who wrote that beautiful love poem?
3. I just want to know who made this delicious dish.
4. Do you know the man who is standing there?
5. My parents will accept whomever I choose as my husband.
6. For whom are you buying this present?
7. He is the kind of person for whom family is very important.
8. Tell me, who told you this wonderful news?
9. The electrician whom I asked for assistance was helpful.
10. Who gave you permission to get into this room?

and Indirect Object

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What is an object?

An object in grammar is a part of a sentence, and often part of the predicate. It refers to someone or something involved in thesubject's "performance" of the verb. It is what the verb is being done to. As an example, the following sentence is given:

Subject	Verb	Object
Leila	wrote	the poem

• "Leila" is the subject, the doer or performer,
• "wrote" is a verb that refers to the action,
• "the poem" is the object involved in the action.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

A verb can be classified as transitive or intransitive according to whether it takes or doesn't take an object:

• If a verb takes objects, then it is a transitive verb.
  Example:
  They played soccer. → (The verb play takes ONE object 'soccer')
  They sent him a postcard. → (The verb send takes TWO objects 'him' and 'a postcard')
• If a verb doesn't take an object, then it is an intransitive verb.
  Example:
  She lies. → (The verb 'lie' doesn't take any object)
  The building collapsed. → (The verb 'collapse' doesn't take any object)

Types of objects

There are two types of objects: direct and indirect objects:

Direct object

A direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?"
Examples:

• David repaired his car → his car is the direct object of the verb repaired. ( What did David repair?)
• He invited Mary to the party → Mary is the direct object of the verb invited. (Whom did he invite?)

Indirect Object

An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?", "for what?"...
An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in the event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be placed in a sentence. In other words an indirect object cannot exist without a direct object.
Examples:

• They sent him a postcard - him is the indirect object of the verb sent. (To whom did they send a postcard?)
• He bought his son a bike - his son is the indirect object of the verb bought. (For whom did he buy a bike?)

Relative Clauses,Relative Pronouns,Relative adverbs,Concessive clause - Although, even though...,Appositive,Either / or versus neither / nor,Like and As

Relative Clauses

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What are relative clauses?

A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a noun phrase.
Example:

The man who is smoking is the murderer

The noun the man is modified by the relative clause who is smoking.
Relative clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about.

How to use relative clauses

They are used to provide extra information. This information can either:

• define something (defining clause),
  Example:
  The girl who is standing there is a world champion in karate.
• or provide unnecessary, but interesting information (non-defining clause).
  Example:
  Michael Jackson, who was a famous singer, died of an overdose.

Relative clauses can be introduced by:

1. A relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose.
   
   Example: "The man who is standing there is a famous writer."
   
2. A relative adverb: where, why and when.
   
   Example: " The restaurant where I have dinner is nice."
   
3. None of them.
   
   Example: "The man I met is extremely wealthy"

Relative Pronouns

who - subject or object pronoun for people

They caught the lady who killed her baby.

which - subject or object pronoun

I read the book which is on the table.I visited the town which you told me about.

which - referring to a whole sentence

They were unsuccessful which is disappointing.

whom - used for object pronoun for people, especially in non-restrictive relative clauses (in restrictive relative clauses use who)

The boy whom you told me about got the best grades in mathematics.

that - subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in restrictive relative clauses (who or which are also possible)

I like the vase that is over there.

Relative adverbs

where - referring to a place

The restaurant where I usually have dinner is nice.

when - referring to a time

There are times when I feel so lonely.

why - referring to a reason

This is why she refused the offer.

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

You can distinguish subject and object pronouns as follows:

• If the relative pronoun is not followed by a noun or pronoun, it is a subject pronoun. Subject relative pronouns can never be omitted (dropped.)
  Example:
  The apple which is lying on the table is sweet.
  The teacher who lives next door is nice.
  
• If the relative pronoun is followed by a noun or pronoun, the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object relative pronounscan be omitted (dropped) in restrictive (defining) relative clauses.
  Example:
  The film (which) we watched yesterday was fantastic.
  The writer (who/whom) we met last weekend is very famous.

Restrictive Relative Clauses

1. Restrictive (identifying or defining) relative clauses give detailed necessary information. They are not put between commas.

I know the man who is standing there

2. These clauses are often used in definitions.

A novelist is someone who writes novels.

3. Object pronouns in these clauses can be omitted (dropped.)

Example:
The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is from New York.

Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses

Non- restrictive (non-identifying or non- defining) relative clauses give interesting additional information which is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. These clauses are put between commas.

Example:
Martin Luther king, who was known for his fight for the civil rights, was assassinated in 1968.

Note:
In non restrictive relative clauses:
1. who/which may not be replaced with that.

Example:
Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice.
NOT
Jim, that we met yesterday, is very nice.

2. Object relative pronouns cannot be dropped.

Example:
Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice.
NOT
Jim,we met yesterday, is very nice.

Concessive clause - Although, even though...

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Concessive clause

A concessive clause is a clause which begins with "although" or "even though" and which expresses an idea that suggests the opposite of the main part of the sentence.

The sentence "Although he's quiet, he's not shy" begins with a concessive clause- "Although he's quiet " which has an opposite meaning of - "he's not shy" which is the main part of the sentence.

NOTE: " In spite of" , " despite" have similar meaning to "although" or "even though". BUT they don't introduce clauses. They have different syntax. They are followed by nouns or gerunds (verb+ing.) They don't introduce a clause (subject + verb.)

Although, even though:

Study these examples:

"He had enough money."
" He refused to buy a new car."
The above two statements can be combined as follows :

Although Even though

he had enough money,

he refused to buy a new car

OR

He refused to buy a new car

although even though

he had enough money.

Structure:

"Although", and "even though" introduce concessive clauses.

Although /even though

subject

verb

Examples:

Although it was raining, he walked to the station.
Even though she is very old, she runs fast.        

Despite / in spite of:

Despite and in spite of do not introduce a concessive clause. They are rather followed by a noun or a verb+ing form.

Study this example:

"He had enough money."
"He refused to buy a new car."
The above two statements can be combined as follows :

Despite In spite of	all his money,	he refused to buy a new car.
	having enough money,

OR

He refused to buy a new car	despite in spite of	all his money.
		having enough money.

Structure

Despite / in spite of	+ a noun,
	+ verb + ing.

Examples:

Despite /in spite of the rain, he walked to the station.
Despite /in spite of being tired, he walked to the station.

Remember:

1. Although, even though + subject + verb (Concessive clause)

3. In spite of, despite + noun or verb+ing (Not a concessive clause)

2. There are structural similarities between:

• "in spite of", "despite" and "although", "even though"
• "because of", "due to", "owing to", "thanks to" and "because", "since ,"as", "for". (Expressing cause and effect)

Appositive

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What is an appositive?

An appositive is a noun or a noun phrase placed next to another word to define or modify it. For example, in the phrase "my friendLeila," the noun "Leila" is an appositive.

Restrictive versus non-restrictive

An appositive can either be restrictive, or non-restrictive.

1. Non-restrictive appositives are not crucial to the meaning of the sentence. For example, in "Alan, the chief executive of the project, has just called for a meeting ", "the chief executive of the project" doesn't narrow down the first element "Alan". It rather provides additional information about it. Non-restrictive appositives are put between commas.
2. In a restrictive appositive, the second element limits or clarifies a word in some crucial way. For example, in the phrase "my friend Leila writes good poems ", the name " Leila" tells us which friend the speaker is talking about and is thus restrictive. Restrictive appositives don't need to be set off with a pair of commas.

Examples of appositives

• Mexico City, the biggest city in the world, has many interesting archaeological sites.
• Denver, the capital of Colorado, is beautiful.
• My friend bill is very rich.

In spite of Despite	+ noun
Because of Due to owing to Thanks to
Although Even though	+ verb
Because Since For As

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Either / or versus neither / nor

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Either/or and neither/nor

1.Either / or - used in a sentence in the affirmative sense when referring to a choice between two possibilities

We can either eat now or after the show - it's up to you.

2. Neither / nor - used in a sentence in the negative sense when you want to say that two or more things are not true

Neither my mother nor my father went to university.

Singular or plural

When using either/or and neither/nor, note the following rules:

1. If both elements are singular, then the verb is singular too.

• Either the father or the mother has to attend the meeting. (father and mother are singular; so the verb has is singular too)
• Neither Leila nor Nancy is going to write the report. (Leila and Nancy are singular; so the verb is is singular too)

2. However, if one of the elements is plural, then use a plural verb.

• Either Sue or the girls are going to prepare dinner tonight. (the girls is plural; so the verb are is plural too)
• Neither the teacher nor the students were in the classroom this morning. (the students is plural; so the verbwere is plural too)

Like and As

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What is the difference between like and as?

Like and as are confusing for many English learners. In this section, we will try to show how they are used in specific examples.

As - preposition / conjunction

As may function as a preposition and is used when we talk about a job or function:
Examples:

• I worked as a taxi driver.
• He was nominated as a Secretary of State.
• He used the carpet as a decoration in his office.
• The wind can be used as a source of energy.

As may also be used as a conjunction meaning in the same way that...
Examples:

• She behaved exactly as her mother told her.
• When in Rome do as the Romans do.

Like - preposition / conjunction

Like may be used as preposition meaning similar to. It is used to compare things.

• He has been working like a dog.
• I am like my mother. I hate waiting.
• He looks like his father.

Like is often used in place of the subordinating conjunction as, or as if.
Examples:

• They look like they have been having fun. = They look as if they have been having fun.

Conditional Sentences,If or Unless

Conditional Sentences

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Conditional Sentence Type 0

Conditional type zero is used to talk about general truths, scientific facts or things which always happen under certain conditions.

Form:

If + Simple Present, + Simple Present

Use:

The zero conditional is used to talk about things which are always true, scientific facts, general truths:
Examples:

If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air.
If I wake up early, I go jogging.
NOTE: you can use "when" instead of "if".

Conditional Sentence Type 1

Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real or possible situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form:

If + Simple Present, + Simple Future

Use

Conditional Sentences Type 1 refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.
Example:

If I have enough time, I'll watch the football match.

I may have time to watch the match but I'm not sure about it.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal impossible or improbable situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. It is very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form:

if + Simple Past, + would + base verb

Were / Was

In conditional type 2, we usually use in the if clause "were" instead of "was" even if the pronoun is I, he, sheor it. "were" here is a subjunctive form.
NOTE "was" is also a possible form.

Example:

If I were a millionaire, I would buy a castle.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type 2 refer to an action in the present that could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change because it is very unlikely.

Example:

If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

It is impossible that the condition will be met because it refers to the past.

Form:

if + Past Perfect, + would + have + Past Participle

Use

Conditional Sentences Type 3 refer to situations in the past. They express hypothetical results to past given situations.

Example:

If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had that terrible accident.
Sometimes in the past, he was careless. He drove so fast. So he had a terrible accident

Things to remember

1. The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Examples:

"Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air."
" I will send her an invitation if I find her address."
" I would travel around the world if I had a million dollars."
"He wouldn't have had that terrible accident if he had been careful."

2. Main clause and/or if clause might be negative.

Example:

If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had an accident.

If or Unless

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Use of if and unless

Some students are not sure whether to use if or unless. The difference is, however, straightforward. This page will try to provide an explanation of these two words and show how they are used in conditional sentences.

Meaning of if and unless

If

If means on (the) condition that, provided (that), providing (that), presuming (that), supposing (that), assuming (that), as long as...
Example:
If I am free this evening, I will watch the match.

Unless

Unless means except if.
Example:
You will feel cold unless you wear a warm jacket.

If and unless in conditional sentences

Both if and unless are used to introduce conditional sentences:

Conditional Sentence Type 1:

• If we don't hurry, we will be late for the show.
• Unless we hurry, we will be late for the show.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

• If he had permission from his parents, he would travel alone.
• Unless he had permission from his parents, he wouldn't travel alone.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

• If you hadn't suggested it, I wouldn't have phoned him.
• Unless you had suggested it, I wouldn't have phoned him.
  
  

  Grammar Exercise - Conditional sentences Type 1

Choose the correct answer

1. If I study hard, I                         pass            passed            will pass            will not pass            would pass             would have passed           this year's exam.
2. If the weather is fine, we                         go            went            will go            will not go            would go            would have gone           on a picnic.
3. If I                         go            goes            went            will go            would you have gone            went           to Paris, I will visit the Eiffel Tower.
4. If they don't invite me, I                         go            went            will go            will not go            would go            would have gone           .
5. If he                         gets            got            will get            would get            would have got           my email, he will send the information we need.
6. If she travels to London, she                         visits            visited            will visit            wouldl visit            would have visited              the museums.
7. If I                         get            gets            got            will get            would get            would have got              the money, I will buy a mobile phone.
8. If you make trouble, I                         send            sends            will send            would send            would have sent              you to the principal.
9. If I                         have            had            will have            would have            would have had              enough time this evening, I will watch a movie.
10. If he has money, he                         lends            lent            will lend            would lend            would have lent              me what I need.

    Conditional Sentences Type 2 Exercise

Choose the correct answer

Jack is daydreaming about winning the next lottery jackpot. Here is what he is saying:

1. If I                         win            won            had won           the lottery, I                         am            will be            would be            would have been           a millionaire.
2. If I                         am            were            will be            had been           rich , I                         will quit            would quit            quit           my job.
3. I                         travel            would travel            will travel           around the world if I                         quit            will quit            would quit           my job.
4. I                         buy            will buy            would buy              anything I want if I                         get            got            will get            would get           that jackpot.
5. I                         buy            will buy            would buy            would have bought           the most expensive car if                         want            wanted            will want            would want           .
6. If I                         travel            traveled            would travel           somewhere, I                         stay            will stay            would stay            would have stayed             in the most luxurious hotels.
7. But I                         am not            will not be            would not be           too materialistic if I                         have            had            will have            would have           millions of dollars.
8. I                         help            will help            would help           the poor if I                         become            became            had become           a millionaire.
9. I                         give            will give            would give           some money to charities, if                         am            will be            would be            were           rich.
10. If I                         have            had            will have            would have           millions of dollars, I                         am not            will not be            would not be           mean.

Grammar Exercise | Conditional Sentences Type 3

Choose the correct answer

1. If you had worked hard, you                  would pass            had passed            hadn't passed            would have passed            wouldn't have passed           the exam.
2. If they had taken him to hospital earlier, he                         would die            had died            hadn't died            would have died            wouldn't have died              .
3. I                         would send            had sent            hadn't sent            would have sent            wouldn't have sent           you the document, if you had given me your email address.
4. He                         would miss            hadn't missed            had missed            wouldn't have missed            would have missed           the bus, if he had woken up earlier.
5. If I                         would know            had known            hadn't knwon            would have known            wouldn't have known              you were coming, I would have prepared a delicious meal.
6. If you                         would be            had been            hadn't been            would have been late            wouldn't have been              late, you would have caught the six o'clock train.
7. I                         would buy            had bought            hadn't bought            would have bought            wouldn't have bought              you a present if I had known it was your birthday.
8. If the weather had been better last weekend, we                         would go            would have gone            wouldn't have gone            had gone            hadn't gone           to the beach.
9. If you                         would come            wouldn't have come            would have come            hadn't come            had come              to the meeting yesterday, you would have met Jane.
10. The accident                         would occur            had occurred            hadn't occured            wouldn't have occurred            would have occurred              if the driver hadn't been driving fast.

Grammar Exercise | Conditional Sentences (mixed)

Choose the correct answer

1. If I were you,                         I will marry him            I would marry him            I would have married him           .
2. If I had known,                         I will lend you my car            I would lend you my car            I would have lent you my car           .
3.                         Will you call me            Would you call me            would you have called me           if you are free?
4. Would you buy this car if                         you have a million dollars            you had a million dollars            you had had a million dollars           ?
5.                         I will watch the match            I would watch the match            I would have watched the match           if I have enough time.
6. If you were to marry,                         who will you choose            who would you choose            who would you have chosen           ?
7.                         If you turn the tap            If you turned the tap            If you had turned the tap              , water pours.
8. If I get there,                         I will call you            I would call you            I would have called you           .
9.                         Will you help me            Would you help me            Would you have helped me           if I ask you?
10. If you had worked hard,                         you will pass the exam            you would pass the exam            you would have passed the exam           .

Grammar Exercises - Conditional sentences

Match the numbers with the letters to form conditional sentences:

1.                                     a                  b                  c                 If I were a millionaire, 2.           a     b     c    She wouldn't have  had an accident 3.           a     b     c    I’ll watch the film,

a. if I finish early. b. I would buy a beautiful car. c. if she had driven carefully.

Decide which of the sentences below is conditional type 1, 2 & 3 :

1. If I were rich, I would travel around the world.                                     Conditional1                  Conditional2                  Conditional3              
2. She wouldn't have missed the train if she had woken up earlier.                                     Conditional1                  Conditional2                  Conditional3              
3. I’ll call you if I come back early.                                     Conditional1                  Conditional2                  Conditional3               

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense (conditional 1):

1. If I (finish)  early, I will call you.
2. I (catch)  the 9:00 train if I hurry up .
3. She will know the answer, if she (try)  to understand.

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense (conditional 2):

1. If I (be)  a star, I would help the needy.
2. He (buy)  a house if he had a job.
3. She (be)  happy, if she married him .

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense (conditional 3):

1. If he (be)  careful, he would not have had that terrible accident.
2. I (pass)  the exam if I had worked hard .
3. Her father would not have died, if he (go)  to the doctor.

Choose the correct answer:

1. If I (wake up)                                     wake up                  will wake up                  woke up                  had woken up                  would wake up                  would have woken up               early, I’ll go jogging.
2. He (visit)                                     will visit                  visited                  had visited                  would visit                  would have visited               his uncle, if he finishes early.
3. If she had taken care of her son, he (not/become)                                     does not become                  did not become                  will not become                  had not become                  would not become                  would not have become               a criminal.
4. If I were a star, I (help)                                     will help                  helped                  had helped                  would help                  would have helped               the poor.
5. She would have been top of her class if she (work)                                     works                  worked                  had worked                  will work                  would work                  would have worked               hard.

conditional sentences type 1

answer

1. If I study hard, I will pass this year's exam.
2. If the weather is fine, we will go on a picnic.
3. If I go to Paris, I will visit the Eiffel Tower.
4. If they don't invite me, I will not go .
5. If he gets my email, he will send the information we need.
6. If she travels to London, she will visit the museums.
7. If I get the money, I will buy a mobile phone.
8. If you make trouble, I will send you to the principal.
9. If I have enough time this evening, I will watch a movie.
10. If he has money, he will lend me what I need.

conditional sentences type 2

 answer

1. If I won the lottery, I would be a millionaire.
2. If I were rich , I would quit my job.
3. I would travel around the world if I quit my job.
4. I would buy anything I want if I got that jackpot.
5. I would buy the most expensive car if wanted .
6. If I traveled somewhere, I would stay in the most luxurious hotels.
7. But I would not be too materialistic if I had millions of dollars.
8. I would help the poor if I became a millionaire.
9. I would give some money to charities, if were rich.
10. If I had millions of dollars, I would not be mean.

conditional sentences type 3

    answer

1. If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam.
2. If they had taken him to hospital earlier, he wouldn't have died .
3. I would have sent you the document, if you had given me your email address.
4. He wouldn't have missed the bus, if he had woken up earlier.
5. If I had known you were coming I would have prepared a delicious meal.
6. If you hadn't been late you would have caught the six o'clock train.
7. I would have bought you a present if I had known it was your birthday.
8. If the weather had been better last weekend, we would have gone to the beach.
9. If you had come to the meeting yesterday, you would have met Jane.
10. The accident wouldn't have occurred if the driver hadn't been driving fast.

 Conditional Sentences (mixed)

  answer

1. If I were you, I would marry him .
2. If I had known, I would have lent you my car .
3. Will you call me if you are free?
4. Would you buy this car if you had a million dollars ?
5. I will watch the match if I have enough time.
6. If you were to marry, who would you choose ?
7. If you turn the tap , water pours.
8. If I get there, I will call you .
9. Will you help me if I ask you?
10. If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam .

Grammar Exercises - Conditional sentences

 answer

bIf I were a millionaire, c She wouldn't have  had an accident a I’ll watch the film,

a. if I finish early. b. I would buy a beautiful car. c. if she had driven carefully.

Decide which of the sentences below is conditional type 1, 2 & 3 :

1. If I were rich, I would travel around the world. Conditional 2
2. She wouldn't have missed the train if she had woken up earlier. Conditional 3
3. I’ll watch the film if I finish early. Conditional 1

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense (conditional 1):

1. If I (finish) finish early, I will call you.
2. I (catch) would catch/'d catch the 9:00 train if I hurry up .
3. She will know the answer, if she (try) tries to understand.

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense (conditional 2):

1. If I (be) were/was a star, I would help the needy.
2. He (buy) would buy/'d buy a house if he had a job.
3. She (be) would be/'d be happy, if she marries him .

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense (conditional 3):

1. If he (be) had been/'d been careful, he would not be have had that terrible accident.
2. I (pass) would have passed/'d have passed the exam if I had worked hard .
3. Her father would not have died, if he (go) had gone/'d gone to the doctor.

Choose the correct answer:

1. If I (wake up) wake up early, I’ll go jogging.
2. He (visit) will visit his uncle, if he finishes early.
3. If she had taken care of her son, he (not/become) would not have become a criminal.
4. If I were a star, I (help) would help the poor.
5. She would have been top of her class if she (work) had worked hard.